2026-03-25 07:05

Key takeaways Uncertainty around oil benchmarks, LPG and natural gas stocks, and a possible El Niño is exacerbating concerns. Strong starting points are helping oil PSU finances and inflation, though not so much growth, BoP and the INR. This is likely to be more a growth shock than a price shock until pump prices are raised; we expect RBI to stay on hold. Why does the oil price shock feel different this time? Varying prices of different oil price benchmarks are creating some uncertainty, but we believe it is natural gas and LPG unavailability that are at the heart of concerns in India, given high reliance on Middle Eastern supplies, low strategic reserves, and the recent doubling of cooking gas connections, bringing the shock closer to home. We calculate a 25% supply shortfall in natural gas, which could shave off 25bp from annual GDP growth if it lasts a full quarter. Is it more a growth or a price shock? Currently the majority of the oil price burden is being borne by the public sector, i.e. the oil Public Sector Undertakings (PSUs). For now, it is more a growth shock than a price shock, since most pump prices are supressed. But if the oil shock lingers, and pump prices are raised (say after April state elections), the private sector would partake more evenly in burden-sharing, though inflation could rise. Will consumers or corporates suffer more? Corporates tend to split the cost of higher oil prices between lower profits and higher consumer prices in a 40:60 ratio. Consumers bear a double sting –higher pump prices and higher non-oil prices passed on by corporates. The overall burden sharing ratio between corporates and consumers is 30:70. Which variables are coming from a position of strength? In descending order, we outline four. Oil PSU margins were high and are able to withstand losses for now. Inflation was low and can withstand a moderate oil and weather shock, provided no changes are made in the inflation targeting framework which is undergoing review. Growth has been strong, though led by low commodity prices and normal rains, which are reversing. Alas, the BoP has been in deficit for a while. Some FX adequacy metrics need monitoring. How will various economic variables fare? We outline sensitivities to various oil prices. The external balance will take an immediate hit. Then comes the growth hit, higher if the public sector is bearing much of the burden. Inflation is set to rise, but could remain below the 6% cap. Finally, allowing pump prices to rise will keep a lid on the fiscal deficit. What can the RBI do? We believe the 8 April meeting will be all about communication to address the anxiety around the oil price shock. We expect the RBI to outline scenarios, sensitivities, and broad tenets of their reaction function. Despite the oil price shock we don’t expect rate hikes over the foreseeable future as we believe the RBI will focus on one-year ahead inflation, which may look softer than inflation in the immediate months. It’s been 23 days of conflict in the Middle East and disruption in energy markets. While broad sensitivities of economic variables to the oil price are well known (for instance, as per the RBI, a 10% rise in oil prices lowers growth by 15bp, and raises inflation by 30bp), they tend to be calculated from long-term data across previous episodes, and each episode may have differences. We ask what’s different this time, and where could we see a differentiated impact on the economy. We consider ‘starting points’ of various variables, ‘burden sharing’ across stakeholders, ‘longevity’ of the oil shock, and ‘substitutability’ across energy sources, to answer some pressing questions on economic impact and market reaction. 1. Why does the oil price shock feel different this time? Oil price shocks have always hurt the economy, and are likely to do this time too, but sentiment seems to have taken a bigger hit this time. What’s different? Various prices are moving differently for crude oil. The USD price of Brent and the Indian Basket, which earlier moved in line, have diverged significantly, with the former at USD107/bbl, while the latter is at USD146/bbl (as of 20 March, see exhibit 1). This may not be a prime concern for now, as the Indian Basket price has been pushed up by the Oman and Dubai crude components, where the supply is constrained and free-float is limited. As such the price reflected is not what India is paying for oil currently. But it is still a reflection of physical dislocation in the region, leaving a concern that once temporary global buffers are used up, prices of other oil benchmarks could rise. But the worries do not end there. We believe the LPG and natural gas availability uncertainty is creating panic. India imports 60% of its LPG needs. Of this, 80% of comes from the Middle East, most of it passing through the Strait of Hormuz. Of the 50% natural gas that India imports, Qatar, where supply has been disrupted, supplies the most (see exhibit 2). The global spot market alternative has seen prices more than double (in fact more than the rise in oil prices). Also worth noting is that a lack of underground storage facility in the case of gas means that strategic reserves are low and even short-term disruption in global supplies hurts. All of this matters more now because reliance on gas has only risen in recent years. In a way, India has become a victim of its own success. It tried to shift gently from coal to a greener alternative, gas, for industrial use, and from coal to LPG for household use. India’s imports of natural gas and LPG have risen over the last decade (see exhibit 3). As such, even though the overall usage of gas is lower than that of crude oil, lack of availability is now closer to home, denting sentiment. We estimate that at the current levels of production, consumption and imports, there could be a shortfall of 25% in gas availability (see exhibit 4). The government has responded by setting quotas for the industrial/commercial use of gas and LPG. Exhibit 5 outlines the big users of gas and the quotas they are allocated. We map each of these to their direct share in GDP. Assuming that 50% of gas users can substitute with other sources of energy, the 25% gas shortfall could shave off 25bp directly from GDP growth if it lasts for a full quarter. Bottomline – Varying prices of different oil price benchmarks are creating some uncertainty, but we believe it is natural gas and LPG unavailability that are at the heart of concerns in India, given high reliance on Middle Eastern supplies, low strategic reserves, and the recent doubling of cooking gas connections, bringing the shock closer to home. We calculate a 25% supply shortfall in natural gas, which could shave off 25bp from annual GDP growth if it lasts a full quarter. 2. Is it more a growth or a price shock? An oil price shock is a classic supply shock lowering growth and pushing up inflation. Burden-sharing ratios determine which variablehurtsmoreon the margin. So far, pump prices of petrol and diesel have not been changed (barring a INR2.35 per litre increase in the price of ‘premium’ petrol rates, not ‘regular’ petrol, see exhibit 6).For crude oil, the burden is mostly falling on the public sector. For gas it is an even mix given half of the industrial users are public companies, and half private companies. Overall, the public sector is picking up the majority of the burden. This has been made possible because of favourable starting points. Oil PSUs were making good profits before the oil shock, so they can withstand a loss for some time. The loss will be faced by the government too, in the form of lower dividends. While this goes on, the growth shock will be higher than the price shock, simply because pump prices are being suppressed. But if the oil price shock lingers, oil PSUs may not be able to take all the burden and pump prices may be raised. Consumer (and corporate) purchasing power will take some of the hit, but it is worth noting that consumers don’t fully cut spending when faced with a shock. They can also draw down savings. In fact, their marginal propensity to (or not to) consume is generally around 0.7, rarely 1. This behaviour can differ from the government’s, which has fiscal targets and may cut spending elsewhere to bear the oil burden. In short, as the burden starts getting shared by the private sector, the growth shock may ease at the margin. And the price shock may rise. What does it mean for the RBI? As long as pump prices remain unchanged, the central bank can remain more focused on growth, as it currently is, with strong domestic liquidity support. But if the expectation is that pump prices will be raised over time, it cannot avoid the inflation angle. Bottom line: Currently the majority of the oil price burden is being borne by the public sector, i.e. the oil PSUs. For now, it is more a growth shock than a price shock, since most pump prices are supressed. But if the oil shock lingers, and pump prices are raised (say after April state elections), the private sector would partake more evenly in burden-sharing, though the price shock could rise. 3. Will consumers hurt more or corporates? If high oil prices stick for longer, the subsidy bill for the government will rise. It may be a good idea to raise pump prices then, not just for fiscal sustainability, but also other macroeconomic adjustments (e.g. higher pump prices will incentivize lower demand from consumers, lowering oil imports). Once pump prices are raised, consumers and corporates will share a bigger burden than they are bearing now. Who will suffer more? Let’s start with corporates. The pain to corporates from higher oil prices can either be absorbed in the form of lower profits, or can be passed on to consumers as higher prices, or a combination of both. Our analysis suggests that for every 1ppt rise in input costs, profits tend to fall by 0.4ppt (see exhibit 7), and the remaining 0.6ppt tends to be passed on to consumers as higher prices. From this perspective, the burden sharing between corporates and consumers is 40:60. But this is not all that the consumers bear. They grapple with a higher price of petrol and diesel they buy (mostly for transportation), as well as face higher prices for non-oil products which corporates pass on to them. Once we add up across all the channels, we find that the burden-sharing ratio between corporates and consumers is 30:70. This may put a floor on corporate profitability in the short run, but weaker demand would start hurting earnings over time. Bottom line: Corporates tend to split the cost of higher oil prices between lower profits and higher consumer prices in a 40:60 ratio. Consumers bear a double sting –higher pump prices and higher non-oil prices passed on by corporates. The overall burden sharing ratio between corporates and consumers is 30:70. 4. Which variables are coming from a position of strength? Starting points matter. Variables which are coming from a position of strength can withstand the pressure of higher oil prices better and for longer. Here are a few that are worth looking into in descending order: Oil PSU margins – as discussed earlier, because oil PSUs were making good margins in the run up to the oil shock, they can absorb losses for some time, keeping pump prices and inflation under control. Inflation – Good food production and imported disinflation from China kept CPI inflation at low levels in FY26. Even a 0.5-1.5ppt rise led by the oil shock would still keep inflation within the flexible inflation targeting band of 2-6%. As long as these are short term supply shocks of no more than a year, the RBI may not feel pressured to raise rates for now. What is importantthough is that no significant change is made to the Inflation Targeting framework, which is undergoing its periodic review. Now is the time to focus on macro stability and predictability, at least in policy choices. Growth – We find that 86% of the 100 indicators of growth we track were growing at a positive clip in January, making it a strong starting point (see exhibit 8). Having said that, some of this was led by positive supply shocks in 2025 –low oil prices and strong rains. Both may not be favourable in 2026 (the chances of an El Niño lowering rains has risen to 62%). Balance of Payments. External accounts were not as strong before the oil shock. Led by capital outflows, the BoP was in a small negative for two years. And if oil averages USD80/bbl or more in 2026, the BoP could remain in deficit for a third year (see exhibit 9). Market intervention has been high through March with FX reserves falling by USD19bn in a fortnight (27 February to 13 March), taking FX reserves to USD710bn. The INR’s depreciation against the USD has been in line with the regional average since the oil shock started (see exhibit 10, though it has underperformed the region over a one-year horizon). In net terms, FX reserves are even lower given the RBI’s rising short-forward book. The RBI may need to keep an eye on net FX adequacy. And here too, a range of metrics will help, which look not only at trade, but also capital flows and debt obligations. We find months of goods import cover and broad money cover approaching 2013 levels (when India was last under BoP stress), though short-term debt cover looks stronger (see exhibits 11 and 12). Bottom line: In descending order, we outline four. Oil PSU margins were high and are able to withstand losses for now. Inflation was low and can withstand a moderate oil and weather shock, provided no changes are made in the inflation targeting framework which is undergoing review. Growth has been strong, though led by low commodity pricesand normal rains, which are reversing. Alas, the BoP has been in deficit for a while. Some FX adequacy metrics need monitoring. 5. How will various economic variables fare? Having outlined starting points, we discuss pressure points and outline sensitivities for key variables under different oil assumptions for the year (see exhibit 13): Current account deficit – We expect a 10% rise in oil prices to push up the current account deficit by 0.3% of GDP. Capital inflows could also remain challenged in a risk-off setting. This is likely to keep the BoP in another year of deficit. Growth – The main drivers of growth in the previous year are reversing. Both an oil and a weather shock could impact numbers in 2026. It has started off more as a growth shock than a price one with the public sector taking a bigger hit than the private sector. Inflation – The weight of energy in the CPI basket has been raised, but primarily led by administered energy prices. As long as pump prices are kept unchanged, the rise in inflation will likely be rangebound. Wedon’t see average annual inflation crossing the 6% RBI’s upper limit. Fiscal deficit – There will be pressure from lower taxes and higher oil and fertiliser subsidies, but offsets from higher RBI dividend, more inflows into the national small saving fund, and lower-than-budgeted capex. The slippage could remain rangebound if the government eventually raises pump prices (which we expect post the April state elections). Bottom line: We outline sensitivities to various oil prices. The external balance will take an immediate hit. Then comes the growth hit, higher if the public sector is bearing much of the burden. Inflation is set to rise, but could remain below the 6% cap. Finally, allowing pump prices to rise will keep a lid on the fiscal deficit. 6. What can the RBI doon 8 April? The 8 April policy meeting won’t be about what action the RBI takes. We don’t think there are expectations of rates change or other major measures from this policy meeting. But what this meeting will be critical for is communication to address some of the anxiety of the oil price shock. We believe the RBI can bring in some domestic certainty by outlining various scenarios and sensitivities for oil prices, outlining impact on growth and inflation in each. This would help the public get a framework to think about various outcomes. It would also give confidence that the RBI has thought of all possibilities. We expect no rate cutsor hikes in the current cycle, leaving the repo rate at 5.25%. We believe the RBI focuses on 1-year ahead inflation, which may look softer than the upcoming months, provided the oil price shock settles by the year-end. There are worries about the El Niño phenomenon taking shape in 2026 and stoking food inflation. We think the new CPI series may help withstand the El Niño inflation shock better. The overall weight of food has been lowered (from 45.9% to 36.8%). And moreover, the items where weights have been increased (like eggs, meat and fish) are less sensitive to rains, while items where weights have been lowered (like cereals) are more sensitive to rains (see exhibit 14). Bottom line: We believe 8 April meeting will be all about communication to address the anxiety around the oil price shock. We expect the RBI to outline scenarios, sensitivities, and broad tenets of their reaction function. We expect no rate cuts nor rate hikes inthis cycle as we believe the RBI focuses on 1-year ahead inflation, which may look softer than inflation in the upcoming months. https://www.hsbc.com.my/wealth/insights/market-outlook/india-economics/six-questions-as-the-energy-shock-unfolds/

2026-03-23 12:01

Key takeaways Geopolitical uncertainty keeps policy and FX volatile, supporting the USD. The GBP may face stagflation headwinds. The RBA hiked again, underpinning the AUD. FX remains closely tied to energy markets. With limited visibility on the path for energy prices, the USD is likely to stay supported as long as prices remain elevated and risk appetite fragile. However, if geopolitical risks fade, we still see scope for a reversal of much of the USD’s March strength, leaving room for a softer USD by year-end. In March, many central banks chose to hold rates steady to manage heightened geopolitical uncertainty, including the Bank of Canada, the Federal Reserve (Fed), the Bank of Japan, the Swiss National Bank, the Bank of England (BoE), and the European Central Bank. Market pricing suggests that, aside from the Fed, most other G10 central banks are likely to raise rates over the next 12 months (Chart 1). While markets lean towards a more hawkish BoE path, our economists still expect the BoE to cut rates. We also do not see energy-driven hawkishness as a durable driver of GBP strength. Instead, the UK’s stagflation risk is likely to keep the GBP under pressure vs the USD over the long term. Meanwhile, the Reserve Bank of Australia (RBA) raised its cash rate by 25bp to 4.10% on 17 March, marking a second consecutive hike amid inflation concerns. The decision was primarily driven by domestic capacity constraints, although the Middle East conflict also contributed to upside inflation risks. The vote was narrowly split, with 5-4 in favour of the hike. RBA Governor Bullock struck a hawkish tone, framing disagreement as about timing, not the overall rate trajectory. Our economists’ central case remains that additional tightening is required, with a potential hike in May, though global uncertainty increases the risk around this call. Source: Bloomberg, HSBC Source: Bloomberg, HSBC Looking ahead, the AUD is likely to remain sensitive to shifts in global risk sentiment over the near term (Chart 2). The AUD may struggle to outpace the USD, but it is likely to outpace the NZD, given Australia’s strong domestic fundamentals, including a hawkish RBA stance, commodity exposure, a modest current account deficit financed largely through foreign direct investment (FDI) and portfolio inflows, and a comparatively low debt-to-GDP ratio vs other G10 economies. https://www.hsbc.com.my/wealth/insights/fx-insights/most-central-banks-wait-but-the-rba-hikes/

2026-03-20 12:01

Key takeaways The recent market sell-off was triggered by concerns that incumbent software companies could be replaced by AI start-ups. We believe these fears are exaggerated, as these companies are also well positioned to benefit from AI for greater efficiency. The investor rotation from IT to other sectors broadens opportunities in industrials, materials and utilities. A multi-asset solution will help diversify across asset classes, sectors, markets and currencies. While the US Supreme Court limited the use of IEEPA, the administration quickly responded with a 15% global tariff using Section 122. Import-reliant sectors may benefit from lower near-term cost pressures and reduced legal uncertainty. Overall, resilient US growth, solid earnings and continued AI momentum support our bullish view on US equities, while total tariff revenue is expected to remain stable in 2026, which is also positive for bonds. We favour US investment grade credit over high yield. While the Strait of Hormuz remains de facto closed to energy and goods exports, the strikes on Iran’s South Pars field and attacks on Gulf states’ energy facilities have intensified market concerns about energy shortages. As higher oil prices pose headwinds for India and some EM Asian markets, we downgrade Indian equities to underweight and reduce our exposure to EM Asia to neutral. Our medium-term view remains constructive for risk assets, as stagflation risks are low, especially in the US, and Asia continues to play a key role in geographical diversification. https://www.hsbc.com.my/wealth/insights/asset-class-views/investment-monthly/positioning-for-the-risk-of-prolonged-elevated-energy-prices/

2026-03-19 12:01

Key takeaways At its March meeting, the Fed again left the policy rate unchanged at 3.50%–3.75% and signalled a clear “wait-and-see” stance. Persistent inflation and rising geopolitical risks have created uncertainty for Fed members. We maintain our view that the Fed will keep rates unchanged throughout 2026 and 2027. Inflation risks have moved higher, particularly due to the spike in energy prices, while labour market risks have shifted modestly to the downside. Volatile energy prices and geopolitical risks should continue to support safe-haven demand and the USD. We remain overweight on US and global equities, supported by strong earnings and structural tailwinds, as US stagflation risks remain low in spite of the Middle East conflict. In fixed income, we stay neutral on Treasuries given range-bound yields, while favouring investment grade corporate bonds for their attractive yields and emerging market local currency debt for diversification. We complement this with allocations to gold and alternatives to manage volatility and enhance diversification. Please refer to the full report for details about the event and our investment view. “Overweight” implies a positive tilt towards the asset class, within the context of a well-diversified, typically multi-asset portfolio. “Underweight” implies a negative tilt towards the asset class, within the context of a well-diversified, typically multi-asset portfolio. “Neutral” implies neither a particularly negative nor a positive tilt towards the asset class, within the context of a well-diversified, typically multi-asset portfolio. https://www.hsbc.com.my/wealth/insights/market-outlook/special-coverage/fears-of-rising-inflation-keep-fed-on-hold/

2026-03-19 08:05

Key takeaways The Fed held rates steady for a second meeting as the Middle East conflict raises uncertainty. FX remains driven by energy and risk sentiment, supporting USD strength until geopolitical tensions ease. We still look for a softer USD by the end of this year. For the second meeting in a row in March, the Federal Open Market Committee (FOMC) voted to hold the federal funds rate unchanged at 3.50-3.75%. The vote was 11 to 1, with Fed Governor Stephen Miran dissenting in favour of a 25bp rate cut. At the previous meeting in January, both Governor Miran and Governor Christopher Waller dissented in favour of a 25bp cut. The key message of the meeting was that policymakers are inclined to wait and see how the Middle East conflict − through its potentially opposing effects on growth and inflation − ultimately plays out. This stance was reflected in the accompanying statement. While it was revised to acknowledge recent geopolitical developments, the forward-looking section offered little clarity on whether policymakers are more concerned about upside inflation risks or a weakening labour market. The implications, it noted, “are uncertain”. Similarly, the updated “dot plot” did not indicate a meaningful shift in policymakers’ views. The median 2026 policy rate projection, arguably the most relevant horizon for the USD, was unchanged at 3.375%, still consistent with just one cut this year (broadly in line with current market pricing). Our economists still expect the Federal Reserve (Fed) to keep the policy rate steady in 2026 and 2027. The macro projections saw only modest adjustments (see the table below), with the most notable change being an increase in the 2026 PCE inflation forecast to 2.7% (from 2.4%) − an unsurprising move given recent development. Source: Federal Reserve Fed Chair Jerome Powell also reinforced the “wait and see” message in his press conference. He leaned more heavily on uncertainty, noting: “We don’t know what the effects of this will be. Really no one does.” Powell has often described policymaking as operating in a fog − now, markets face the fog of war. As a result, FX markets are likely to remain highly sensitive to energy price dynamics. While the outlook is inherently uncertain, as long as energy prices remain elevated and risk appetite is fragile, the USD is likely to retain the upper hand. We continue to believe that if geopolitical risks fade, much of the USD’s March strength could reverse, leaving scope for a softer USD by year-end. For now, however, with limited visibility on how the conflict evolves, markets − including FX − are likely to remain in a wait-and-see mode. https://www.hsbc.com.my/wealth/insights/fx-insights/fx-viewpoint/usd-fed-pauses-amid-uncertainty/

2026-03-18 12:01

Key takeaways Driven by private investment, policy landscapes and stakeholder expectations, climate and clean tech continue to demonstrate robust investment momentum. Artificial Intelligence (AI) is poised to play a significant role in future growth. While development continues for traditional resources, such as wind and solar, we observe a shift towards EV infrastructure, next-generation batteries and smart grids. The Venture Capital (VC) market is valued at USD1.6 trillion and we believe it offers an important source of capital for the net zero transition. Mapping trends in the private market helps us identify the next innovations and where transition financing is focusing. We find a shift in the sector, with infrastructure and enablers emerging and Artificial Intelligence (AI) playing a greater role in climate solutions. Did you know? In 2024, the climate and clean tech VC market stood at USD122bn, the 6th largest category in the VC space. The global VC market is valued at USD1.6trn, serving as a major funding source for the net zero transition. Artificial Intelligence (AI) investments accounted for 16% of all climate and clean tech VC deals in 2025. Between 2000 and 2023, 87% of global energy patents targeted clean energy technologies. In the EU, more than 40% of climate and clean tech VC deals in 2025 were over USD5mn, up from under 10% in 2019, indicating a shift to larger, capital-intensive projects. Investment in AI solutions within climate and clean tech grew fivefold between 2018 and 2022, underscoring AI’s rising importance in decarbonisation. Sources: PitchBook, 'Energy Technology Patents Data Explorer’, IEA, 05 Aug 2024 1. The pivotal role of technology in the net zero transition Extreme weather events and impacts from climate change are intensifying globally, with both CO2 levels and ocean heat content continuing to reach record highs. Rising greenhouse gas emissions are pushing temperatures closer to the critical 1.5ºC threshold. However, significant advances in climate and clean technologies over the last few decades have been pivotal in reducing emissions and strengthening community resilience to climate risks, thereby supporting economic growth and security. By addressing the challenges of rising temperatures, these innovations are driving productivity and enhancing societal well-being. In 2024 alone, the venture capital (VC) market invested USD122bn in climate and clean tech, with key sectors including AgTech, HealthTech, EdTech and Infrastructure. Analysing these advancements helps us understand how the landscape is evolving and where disruption will occur, while access to capital remains a key factor in the pace of net zero delivery. Existing climate and clean tech, particularly wind and solar, have seen considerable growth in installed capacity. In 2023, solar generation rose by 23%, reaching 1,600TWh – the highest growth among renewable technologies. This success is enabling further innovation in clean energy sources and supporting the integration and efficiency required for the net zero transition. Driven by private investment, policy landscapes and stakeholder expectations, climate and clean tech continue to demonstrate robust investment momentum. While challenges such as policy and geopolitical uncertainty persist, opportunities are emerging as the sustainability landscape evolves and the transition to net zero accelerates, with Artificial Intelligence (AI) poised to play a significant role in future growth. 2. VC investment in climate and clean tech VC data tell us a great deal about innovation in technology and provides important funding for businesses developing potentially transformative solutions. Tracking broad trends in VC can provide useful information to investors, particularly given both the size of the VC industry and its focus on emerging and disruptive business models. Chart 1. Share of VC capital invested in 2024 Source: Morningstar, HSBC as at 10 October 2025 (using weekly data) Our analysis of the VC market shows that climate and clean tech represents 5% of VC capital invested in 2024, ranking as the 6th largest category after technology, media and technology (TMT), Software as a Service (SaaS) and AI (Chart 1). When we consider VC deal volume, climate and clean tech climbs up the rankings, representing 7% and the third largest segment. This suggests that, while overall capital invested is comparatively lower, the sector is experiencing a higher number of transactions within the broader VC market (Chart 2). Chart 2. Share of VC in 2024 Source: Pitchbook Data, Inc., May 2025, HSBC: Note: SaaS (Software as a service) 3. Evolving trends and opportunities In the VC market, emerging spaces refer to industry verticals within a sector characterised by early-stage investment and technological development. These areas are poised to attract further capital and drive innovation in the climate and clean tech spaces. Chart 3 highlights global emerging spaces within the climate and clean tech category from 2023 onwards. Key to the net zero transition, these technologies provide applications across renewables, industry, nature and efficiency to drive decarbonisation and inclusive resilience. Chart 3. Climate and clean technology emerging spaces (total capital invested, USD million, 2023 onwards) Source: Pitchbook Data, Inc., May 2025, HSBC We believe investment in climate and clean tech is increasingly focusing on enablers of the net zero transition. Development continues for well-established technologies such as solar and wind power. However, we see a shift towards technologies to further integrate and build efficiencies, for example, electric vehicles (EV) charging infrastructure to support the deployment and integration of EVs, as well as smart grids and batteries to effectively store and distribute power. Below, we provide insights into key technologies in the emerging space. EV charging infrastructure: Despite widespread ambitions, slow infrastructure buildout has been a key factor slowing global EV adoption. Key concerns regarding charging include localisation, access and charging experience. Some countries are more developed than others with China currently having more than 3x the number of charging points than Europe. Energy Storage: We view energy storage as a key energy transition enabler, providing flexibility to drive renewables and electrification growth. We expect explosive growth to continue with global battery energy storage capacity additions to rise 4x by 2030, with China, the US and Europe leading the way. Hydrogen: With applications across both energy generation, sustainable transport and industry, hydrogen, in theory, can play a pivotal role in the net zero transition. However, medium-term growth ambitions have faced a reset. Increased costs and project delays have dampened the technology’s popularity; however, policy clarity improvements could help drive investment. Nuclear: Growing in popularity in recent years, nuclear energy sources, including Small Modular Reactors (SMRs) aren’t without controversy. But their zero-carbon appeal and the rise of energy-hungry AI models mean that nuclear has come back into the picture to address the growing electricity demand and work towards climate goals. We believe extending the life of nuclear plants also makes economic sense, especially in Europe and the US. Geothermal: We believe there are growing opportunities in geothermal energy because of its stability, low emissions and declining construction costs, especially in regions such as Asia. We estimate that next-generation geothermal energy in developing Asia could reduce fossil fuel emissions by c17%. Conclusion We identify areas of growth across the VC market which have the potential to attract new investment. While development continues for well-established resources, such as wind and solar, we observe a shift towards those that enable further integration and efficiency, such as EV infrastructure, next-generation batteries and smart grids. https://www.hsbc.com.my/wealth/insights/esg/climate-tech-vc-boosts-net-zero-transition/